Reading Comprehension Essay Example for Free

Reading Comprehension Essay automatons serve as entertainers, servers, greeters and receptionists at the Dalu Robot eatery. Service with a smile also comes with an electronic voice at the Dalu Robot restaurant, where the hotpot meals are not as famous yet as the staff who never lose their patience and never take tips. The restaurant, which opened this month in Jinan in northern Shandong province, is touted as chinawares first robot hotpot eatery where robots resembling Star Wars droids circle the room carrying trays of food in a conveyor belt-like system. More than a dozen robots operate in the restaurant as entertainers, servers, greeters and receptionists. from each one robot has a motion sensor that tells it to stop when someone is in its path so customers can reach for dishes they want. The service industry in China has not always kept up with the countrys rapid economic growth, and can be quite basic in some restaurants, leading customers in the Dalu restaurant to praise the robots.They have a better service attitude than humans, said Li Xiaomei, 35, who was visiting the restaurant for the first time. Humans can be fickle or impatient, but they dont feel tired, they just keep working and moving round and round the restaurant all night, Li said. Inspired by lieu exploration, robot technology and global innovation, the restaurants owner, Zhang Yongpei, said he hopes his restaurant will show the world China is a serious competitor in development technology. I hope this new concept shows that China is forward-thinking and innovative, Zhang said.As customers enter the dimly lit restaurant lined with blinking neon lights to simulate a futuristic environment, a female robot decorated with batting eyelashes greets people with an electronic welcome. During the meal, crowds of up to 100 customers, are entertained by a bound and talking robot that looks more like a mannequin with a dress, flapping its arms around in a stiff motion. Zhang said he hopes to roll out 30 robots which cost $6000 each ($NZ8000) in the coming months and eventually develop robots with human-like qualities that serve customers at their table and can walk up and down the stairs.

Nixon’s presidency Essay Example for Free

Nixons presidency EssayThere are three major issues emphasized during the 1969-1974 term of death chair Richard Nixon Vietnam, domestic policies, and the infamous Watergate affair. Nixon inherited the Vietnam War from Lyndon Johnson. The war had caused years of turmoil among the Statesns who believed that America should not even participate in the war in the outgrowth place. In an aim to bring peace, he initiated the Vietnamization of the war, centering of the withdrawal of the US troops. For a while, the plan seemed to be working, but the damage had already been done. Back home, America found herself with a dissenting generation. The war had already drained the countrys economy, inflation was high, crimes and civil rights movement were rapidly swelling. Nixon tried to solve this by injecting domestic policies that involved increasing interest rates to curb borrowing and introducing what the president called affirmative action programs, initiatives that hired minorities and wom en. Some African Americans who were able to give the sack college benefited from this but majority were still poor and stayed in slums.Furthermore, people blamed the Supreme Court for the rising incidents of crime so Nixon filled the court with buttoned-up justices. However, while this alleviated the bevy of civil rights movement, it did not entirely solve the crimes. What it did was that it ushered an us vs. them sentiment, a battle between Nixon and those who opposed him, people who Nixon thought were countering the American values. During Nixons term, the activism was popular-environmental, consumer, and feminist movements were formed.People had become liberalized, more aware of their rights and surroundings. It seemed that Nixons gameplan was not working. Nixons economic strategy also failed to work. It was not until 1971 when the president started a 90-day freeze on wages, prices and rents that his efforts finally started to pay off inflation and unemployment had lessened. Th is improvement, along with having positive foreign relations helped him earned a reelection. But it only ushered the road to Nixons downfall.The illegal activities of the Committee to Reelect the President erupted into what became known as the Watergate Scandal which led to the presidents resignation. From a popular man, Nixon placed himself in a world of lies, crimes and deception. His presidency was in shambles. The lesson of the scandal became clear that there would always be the dangers of uninhibited executive power and opportunities for political abuse. It was and still is something American will forever be cautious of. Maybe just for that, however painful and shameful it sounds, Americans are grateful for Nixon.

Gangs Of New York: The Irish Immigrants

Gangs Of New York The Irish ImmigrantsGangs of New York, directed by Martin Scorsese, depicts how waves of Irish immigrants that came to the joined States were treated upon arrival. English and Dutch natives in New Yorks city of Five Points clearly showed that they were not in favor of the newcomers. Bill the Butcher took the case into extremes when he leads a gang of locals into a war with the Irish. Bill kills Priest V all toldon, the leader of the Irish, and his son Amsterdam runs away. Years later, Amsterdam reappears and seeks revenge for his father. Gangs of New York a historical moving picture which follows the adventures of a little Irish American man, is a tool that somewhat illustrates history during the time of immigration important elements discussed in the text of Foners Give Me Liberty were not merged into the film.Gangs of New York starts in the year 1846, in which Amsterdams father, a Catholic Irish immigrant, sets out to battle the Protestants already in New York . Irish participation in the war occurred because they did not loss Protestant teachings, which they were not in favor of, to be approved by government. After the gruesome scene where Amsterdams father is slain, the film is told from Amsterdams point of view. He describes what happens in the city of Five Points and how the citizens act. In Five Points, Amsterdam says that immigrants are not welcomed nor are they hired by any job. Irish immigrants came to the United States, particularly the in the north, because job opportunities were most abundant and the new arrivals would not have to compete with slave labor (Foner 319) Locals of Five Points did not take for granted any immigrant newcomers because they were following revisals from Bill the Butcher, who seems as if he has total declare of the city. Bill is working under William Boss Tweed, head of Tammany Hall. His way of fighting for control of the city is through boxing matches and lighting buildings on fire. Amsterdams point of view shapes the historical narrative in the film by describing what happened during the time period of the 1860s as well as telling the story of his life with his consort, who were also immigrants, and what he had gone through in order to take survive this period.One of Amsterdams allies later on in the film was the pickpocket Jenny Everdeane, a local of Five Points. He quickly falls for her, which had made an impact on the historical part of the film. When Martin Scorsese directed Gangs of New York, he altered history. She was a colleague of Bill the Butcher. In a scene where the two were alone, Amsterdam last finds out that she was working with Bill when he asks her where she got one of the several necklaces that were in her possession. His feelings for her dropped upon hearing the news. Martin Scorsese inserted a scene where there is love because he did not want the film to localise just on the historical work out of the time period, but wanted to make the film appeal to the intended audience. During the time when Irish immigrants were fighting for their freedom, there probably were not any love affairs going on. Irish immigrants decided to come to the United States was because most of them were trying to flail the disaster that had struck Ireland, which was the Great Famine during the years 1845-1851. In the actual time period, there were no serious love affections going on by and by immigration.Due to the films language and sensuality with Amsterdam and Everdeane, the intended audience of the film are richly school students and above. The intended audience shapes the storyline and the historical account of the film because they are mature enough to handle some of the grotesque scenes and may be able to understand the storyline. By the time students take a U.S. History descriptor in high school, they will probably cover the time period that Gangs of New York was set in. The high school U.S. History course consists of the beginnings of America u p to the present day. In college, however, U.S. History is split into two- early and modern history. The college U.S. History does consist of the time period of the 1860s. After a double-dyed(a) study of the course, students who watch Gangs of New York will be familiar with the topic of immigrants coming to the United States, although the high school course does not describe in detail the true intentions of the Europeans migration to the most powerful country in the world.Although the producers of Gangs of New York may have taken a U.S. History course in high school or college, the connection they made with history was somewhat accurate, but skipped two major events that happened in the United States. In chapter 9 of Foners Give Me Liberty, the rebellion of immigration is discussed. According to Foner, immigrants from Ireland and Germany headed for northern states. Gangs of New York portrayed the Irish immigrants moving to New York accurately. However, the film did not what the Ir ish were going through after they came to the United States. Scorsese focused more on gang fights in the city rather than concentrating on the issue of the Irish. In the Foner text, the Irish were working low-wage jobs that native Americans avoided by all means. Irish were laborers when they moved to the United States. Labor was done not just by the Irish, but by blacks as well.Gangs of New York had scenes where some blacks were included, but they were not shown as slaves. They were shown briefly in the film being executed by Bill the Butcher, who hated everyone that was against his vision of having a Protestant America. The film was also be for the racism that the Irish and the blacks went through. Chapter 11 of Foner describes racism, which was that that the white race, meaning the individuals that were born and raised in America, was superior to any other race. The film shows Bill the Butcher as a candidate for racism he only wanted Protestantism to rule America as well as the t hought that natives of the country were the most small compared to other cultures that existed in the United States.Racism, Irish immigration, and battles between Catholic and Protestants were important parts of history that affects the present day, however, Gangs of New York would not be recommended as a teaching tool for learning about the Irish-American historical experience during the mid-19th century United States. Although the film is entertaining, it omits certain events in history that students will eventually learn, much(prenominal) as the Civil War and how it affects the North and South. Slavery in New York was not included in the film, even though it had a few scenes that showed how blacks were mistreated. The films focus is mainly on an individual who wants revenge for the killing of his father. Amsterdams father himself was an immigrant to the United States and was eventually killed for his belief in Catholicism. Amsterdam was an American born Irish citizen who did no t want to convert to Protestantism. Scenes which show Amsterdam and Everdeane having affection only serve as a distraction to the person who wants to learn about Irish immigration to the United States. The idea of Irish immigration is far more important than affection, as well as the labor that they had gone through in order to live among local Americans. Gangs of New York would be recommended for its entertainment, but not as a teaching tool.

Evaluating Mental Health Policy Health And Social Care Essay

Evaluating kind wellness polity Health And kindly oversee EssayMental ill wellness during early motherhood, or perinatal intellectual complaint, is a dangerous public wellness issue with potentially serious consequences for womens vivification-long rational health and the health and wellbeing of their children and families (Hayes, et al, 2001). Although difficult to estimate, in that location atomic number 18 also economic and hearty costs associated with the cognitive and behavioral impact of postpartum economic crisis. As of 2008, the national economic burden of this condition to public work is estimated at 35.7 million per annum. The mean estimated cost for motherlike c ar in the participation for those with postpartum imprint is 55% higher than for those without (Petrou et al, 2002). It abide also herald the on station of long-term mental health problems for the mother and is associated with increased risk of maternalistic self-annihilation (Oates, 2003 ). Postnatal picture has also been linked with depression in fathers and with high rates of family breakdown (Ballard, 1994). at that place is also evidence that children born to discourage mothers do less well educationally, experience higher levels of behavioural problems and be more in all likelihood to develop psychological problems in later life (Oates, 2002).Social mess is a flexible concept so broad that its meaning can easily be assumed, or bent to unalike purposes, rather than overtly attended to. This produces problems in researching social documentation since the underlying assumptions or theoretical frameworks of the work are non always clear. Postnatal depression has been associated with a overleap of social jump (Bebbington, 1998). The risk of PND has been found to increase when the level of social support is low or absent (Morse et al 2000 Pederson 1999). Beck (1992) states that social support not only provides practical help, tho can aid the mother emot ionally by hindering the habitual experience of rumination.There are three common forms of postnatal infirmityes the baby megrims, postnatal (or postpartum) depression and puerperal psychosis, apiece of which differs in its prevalence, clinical presentation, and management. Postnatal depression is the most common complication of childbearing (Wisner, et al 2002), affecting 10-15% of women (Cooper et al, 2008). gibe to the national Institute for Clinical Evidence ( comminuted, 2007) postnatal depression (hereafter also known as PND) has been defined as non-psychotic depression occurring during the initial 3 months following the birth of a baby. The 10th revision of the International Statistical levelification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10) defines the perinatal period as commencing at 22 completed weeks (154 days) of gestation and ending s notwithstanding completed days after birth (WHO, 1992). In the quaternionth edition of the Diagnostic Statistical manu al of arms (DSM-IV), the American Psychiatric Association makes no mention of perinatal mental illness although postnatal depression is included, except only if the mother is diagnosed within four weeks of the birth (American Psychiatric Organisation, 1994).The interest and motivation for exploring the topic of postnatal depression is due to professional experience of working in this field. This dissertation assays to explore the compartmentalization of approaches for treating PND, focussing on the role of social support. Current national policy and frameworks will be examined, together with current practice of interventions.Evaluating Mental Health PolicyThere consider been m any(prenominal) discussions about whether depression during the early postnatal period is either quantitatively or qualitatively divergent from depression at other times (Stoppard, 2000) and has been the focus of much policy and research since the 1960s (Brockington, 1998). In 2004, the National Institute for Clinical Evidence ( prudish) asked the National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (NCCMH) to develop a clinical guideline on the treatment and management of mental health problems in the antepartum and postnatal period (NCCMH, 2004). before this, the Department of Health published a 10 social class agenda for improving mental health care in England, known as the National Service Framework for Mental Health (NSF, 1999) which set priorities for the way that services were to be provided. The NSF proposed protocols to be implemented for the management of postnatal depression, anxiety disorders and those needing referral to psychological therapies. The NSF treasure the role of Health visitors with training who could use routine contact with new mothers to identify PND and treat its milder forms. Furthermore, the NSF related to actions to reduce suicides, by ensuring that staff would be fit to assess the risk of suicide among unmarrieds at greatest risk. This standard was relevant to Health Visitors, as maternal suicide was cited as the largest cause of maternal finish in the first postnatal year.Subsequent policy statements and guidance have since been supplemented to the framework, including the National Institute of Clinical Evidence (NICE, 2007) guidelines for antenatal and postnatal mental health (NICE-CG45, 2007). The NICE guidance identifies the need for emotional and social support for new mothers, whilst the National Service Framework aims to deliver a high quality regularize service. In 2007, the in-depth guidance was published where the standards for postnatal mental health needs were summarized as each professionals involved in the care of women immediately following vaginal birth need to be able to distinguish normal emotional and psychological changes from significant mental health problems, and to refer women for support according to their needsAll professionals directly involved in the care of each woman who has been identified as a t risk of a recurrence of a disgustful mental illness following the birth, including the family, are familiar with her relapse signsEach woman who has been identified as at risk of a recurrence of a severe mental illness has a written plan of agreed multi-disciplinary interventions and actions to be takenThe Department of Health issued guidance in 2009, called the Healthy Child create mentally motherhood and the first five years of life and is an update to the National Service Framework for Children, Young People and Maternity Services (2004). The programme emphasises the NICE guidelines, including the need for the woman to be asked sensitive and appropriate questions to help identify depression. Additionally, the programme states the need for parent- child groups, baby massage, listening visits, cognitive behavioural therapy and inter someoneal therapy.In February 2011, the Government published its new Mental Health strategy No Health without Mental Health which acknowledges t hat mental health is a public health issue that needs co-operation from many different agencies, including education, social care, housing, employment and welfare.According to NICE (2007), various psychosocial and psychological treatments are recommended for the management of depression in the postnatal periodSocial support can be defined in terms of sources of support (e.g. spouse, friends and relatives, support groups), or in terms of the type of support received, (e.g. informational support, emotional support, practical support).Non-directive counselling an empathic and non-judgemental approach, listening rather than directing but offering non-verbal encouragement. This approach is usually offered by health visitors.Self-help strategiesGuided egotism helpCom swanerized cognitive behavioural therapy (C-CBT)ExerciseBrief psychological treatmentStructured psychological treatmentCognitive behavioural therapyInterpersonal therapyNICE guidelines all the way state that PND services are subject to local variation due to locally existing services. To ensure the effective provision of high quality clinical services, it is essential that in that location is a clear referral and management protocol for services with a well defined pathway. Furthermore, NICE guidance states that services should develop clinical networks to improve access for women to specialist perinatal mental health services.In a report published in March 2011 by the Patients Association, it was found that 64% of Primary Care Trusts (PCTs) do not have a specific strategy in place when commissioning services specific to PND. World Class Commissioning (www.icn.csip.org.uk) clearly states that PCTs should have services that accurately reflect the needs of the local population. The report also verbalizes that 44% of PCTs are failing to implement the NICE guidance due to not being part of a clinical network or not having a lead clinician for perinatal mental health.Is there a problem?What is it?Why d oes it need to be solved?What is your hypothesis (hunch)?Who will benefit from your investigation?In what sense will they benefit?In what sense will my contribution add to what is already known?How in general terms are you going to solve the problem, e.g., collect data, analyse data?By what methods? E.g., a case study approach.What are the constraints or limitations of the study?Methodology (The title of this dissertation is postnatal depression and the role of social support from a feminist perspective.A systematic literature review was conductedThe search methods used for the literature review were as followsDatabases searched included MEDLINE, CINAHL, DAWSONERA, PsychLit, EBCOHOST, CENTRAL and DARE.Published books as listed in the References.Published articles in hard copy journals.Key terms were postnatal depression, postpartum depression, closing off, social support, score, mental illnessThe searches were designed to be as inclusive as possibleThe searches were limited to art icles in the midst of 1985 and 2011.An plusal google search was conductedOverall, a total of ( ) abstracts were identified by the literature searches, over ( ) papers were assessed resulting in the final reference list of ( ) papers.Methodological limitationsEthical limitationsThe overall aim of this study is to understand postnatal depression and the objectives are as followsExplore the different sources of social support for new mothers in the year following childbirthTo evaluate the effectiveness of different laylingsTo examine the evidence of efficacy of social supportTo consider the divulgeings in relation to policy and practice interventions and guidance of perinatal mental healthTheoretical PerspectiveBrewer (2000) states that theory is a set of interrelated abstract propositions about human affairs and the social orbit. objet dart much of the research on postnatal depression has been subjective, it may provide a political and ideological commitment to supporting the d evelopment of health services specifically targeted at womens health needs. Such a political process is legitimate with the drive of feminist concerns that the health care system has failed to distinguish the particular needs of women (Najman, et al, 2000). This dissertation will attempt to look at the role of social support role from a feminist perspective.According to Busfield (1996), feminism is a philosophy suggesting that women have been systematically disadvantaged. Durrheim (1999) argues that feminist theorists aim to change this by canvas the situations and understanding the experiences of women in society and in doing so, provide a better world for women. Feminist research is opposed to patriarchal societies, which attempt to understand the world in order to control and exploit its resources. Feminists also describe the male point of view as objective, logical, task-orientated and instrumental. It reflects a male emphasis on individual competition, on dominating and contr olling the environment (Neuman, 1997). Further, by examining postnatal depression through a feminist lens, the mechanism of social structure that contributes to the pressure to find motherhood a perfect, happy time can be addressed.Postnatal depression has been reported and studied since 1858 (Richards, 1990). In the nineteenth century, psychiatric disorders due to pregnancy and childbirth were common enough to account for 10% of all asylum admissions (Marland, 2003). Allen (1986) states that writer Chesler (1972) assumes that psychiatry sees women as madder than men and is perhaps rooted in the historical context of womens psycho-pathology being linked with femininity (Showalter, 1987).Taylor (1996), suggests that the dominant cover adjoin postnatal depression overlooks the social construction of gender order and stately gendered power dynamics. Furthermore, she stresses that the media play a role in blaming mothers, questioning appropriate behaviour and the choice of self-ident ity outside of motherhood. The structure of families in modern society creates problems of isolation and alienation (Taylor, 1996) as we move away from the traditional nuclear family unit and loss of close extended family ties.Over the past decade, self-help, recovery, and support groups that draw upon the discourse of feminism have gained increasing importance as sources of emotional support and settings in which women seek to redefine the female self.Models of mental illnessPostnatal depression is conceptualized as a disease or illness and research efforts have been devoted to describing, predicting, pr unconstipatedting, and treating it (Cox Holden, 1994). Researchers have also endeavoured to uncover the underlying factors associated or correlated with postnatal depression, including biological variables such(prenominal) as hormones, other biochemicals, genetic factors psychological characteristics such as personality traits, self-esteem, previous psychiatric history, family his tory, attitudes towards children, deficiencies in self-control, attribution style, social skills a range of social variables, for example an unplanned pregnancy, method of feeding the baby, type of delivery, obstetric complications, infant temperament, previous experience with babies, marital relationship, social support, stressful life events, employment status, and socio-demographic characteristics such as social class, age, education, income, parity (OHara Zekoski, 1988).Mental illness can be difficult for people to understand or empathise with. Similarly, even mental health professionals can have difficulties in understanding what is going on for the patient, as there is no one diagnostic test that can be performed on the brain in an attempt to provide a simple answer or treatment. The effects of mental illness are do apparent in actions, obtainings and thoughts, and therefore a model or group of linked theories is used to explain the cause and predict the best source of tr eatment. Doctors service people with mental illness have models to guide them in both diagnosis and treatment. Most models of mental illnesses will nowadays acknowledge a cabal of biological, psychological and social factors. Different models will, however, vary in which factors they rate as the most important. When advising a patient, a doctor tries to look at which interventions are likely to work best for that particular patient, taking into account the patients symptoms and circumstances. Models are the basis of every scientific belief.The medical exam model and behavioural model of psychiatric illness differ in their assumptions about the nature of the illness and the appropriate treatment (ref), however many practicing psychiatrists use features from both in the bio-psycho-social model (ref). Psychological models such as the learning theory, personal construct theory and psychoanalytic theory differ in the time-scale over which they try to produce explanations of behaviour. A biological model of mental illness is based on the presumption that the illness has a physical cause and therefore requires a physical treatment. This model suggests that mental illness is caused by chemicals, genetics or hormonal imbalances and such, a biological intervention or treatment would be drugs to reverse the chemical imbalance.A psychological model says that disruption or dysfunction in psychological processes lead to mental illness. Furthermore, personal experiences, social and environmental factors are important contributors to psychological distress. Taking anti-depressant music would not be treating the cause of the problems therefore treatment would be in the form of therapy such as psychoanalysis and cognitive behaviour therapy.There are two social models of mental illness the labelling theory states that behaviours disliked by society are labelled as symptoms of a psychiatric illness. Labelling a person as having a disease, particularly mental illness is to beco me that illness, for instance shes mental and it is therefore easy to understand the concept of diabolical and stigma surrounding mental illness. Society believes that we can and should be able to control our psyche and emotions and thus the descent into mental crisis should be avoidable and controllable. Labelling, therefore, questions the very existence of mental illness and helps to maintain the imbalance of power between men and women (Taylor, 1996). Labelling a gendered illness provides society with a more palatable acceptance of the disease and its options for treatment. Szasz (1962) examined the concepts of stigma in mental illness and criticised the ways in which psychiatry made assumptions about those labelled as mentally ill.Another theory is that social situations can lead to a mental illness. For instance poverty leads to situations that a person cannot control, which can lead the person to develop anxiety. Some researchers suggest that the availability of medical care and expectations of quality of life following the birth of a baby (Thurtle, 1995) lead to postnatal depression.Feminist sociologists have looked at the impact of social factors on womens mental illness from three different perspectives societal causes, medical causes and the mother herself (Taylor, 1996). A typical feminist approach would be to question whether a historically patriarchal tradition, namely medicine, can realistically address the experiences and needs of women.Medical perspectives consider that womens unhappiness and discontent is framed in psychiatric terms and are therefore treated accordingly. The medical model has been the dominant theoretical perspective of postnatal depression and according to a feminist perspective this disempowers womens individual experiences. While feminist researchers have criticized the medical model for the way it blames individual mothers for their difficulties, mothers themselves feel that the medical label and status, and the hormonal explanation, have the opposite effect of releasing them from blame and responsibility because the depression is something which is happening to them, their bodies and is therefore beyond their control. It is reassuring for some to know that they were not going mad but experiencing a medically know problem, shared by other mothers, and for which they were neither responsible nor to blame. Oakley (ref) suggests that pregnancy and childbirth are constituted as a disease by the medical profession.In an article written for the British Journal of General Practice, Richards (ref) questioned whether giving the diagnosis of postnatal depression to tired, overwhelmed women, simply allows them to claim sickness benefit. Considerable effort has been put into research into the causes of postnatal depression from a biological or hormonal reason however Richards (1990) believes that no consistent relationship has been found.Dalton (1989) claims that there are endocrinology reasons for depression after childbirth, and that this could be treated by diet or hormonal treatment. However Oakley (1980) criticizes this view from a feminist perspective, believing this emphasizes women as reproducers. Despite Daltons (1989) feel that postnatal depression is caused by hormones, she does believe that social and psychological support could benefit the mother.Kitzinger (2006) believes that many women are wrongly labelled as suffering from postnatal depression because they are unhappy after the birth, when in fact their distress is the result of a medically managed but traumatic birth. Kitzinger (2006) argues that the failure of the maternity services to give humane care can be ignored when the focus is placed on the mothers performance during childbirth. There are many theoretical perspectives that seek to explain the notion of postnatal depression and this dissertation will be focussing on the feminist perspective in a later chapter.Chapter 2 Postnatal DepressionThe postnatal period i s well known as an increased time of risk for the development of serious mood disorders. Many women feel exhausted, not just from the physical efforts from giving birth, but the emotional effects of adjusting to their new role as a mother. Although this dissertation is concentrating on postnatal depression, there are two other important conditions that can be diagnosed after the birth, which will be briefly mentioned as followsBaby bluesBaby blues is the term used to describe temporary feelings of tearfulness and lack of concentration either immediately following the birth or within a few days, sometimes coinciding with the mothers milk coming in. These feelings may come as a shock to the mother, as she may have expected to feel rejoice and elation. This condition is very common in up to 80% of new mothers, so is considered as normal, but generally passes after about ten days. There is no treatment for the baby blues, however practical and emotional support in these first few day s would be helpful.Puerperal psychosisPuerperal psychosis is a terrifying and rare complication following the birth affecting between one in 500 and one in 1000 mothers. The symptoms are hallucinations and delusions and much the mother believes that the baby is evil, she hears voices and can be confused. The word psychosis is simply a medical term, which means, according to the dictionaryany severe mental disorder in which contact with reality is lost or highly distortedThe common treatment is anti-psychotic medication however the mother may have to be admitted to a psychiatric unit for observation.Symptoms of PNDThe onset of postnatal depression can be gradual and difficult to distinguish either from the normal emotional sensitivity of novel childbirth, or because the mother is hesitant to disclose her true feelings. Many women feel that they may not need support or that they can manage on their own, whereas others may think there is a stigma attached to admitting feeling depress ed. Some of the identifying symptoms of postnatal depression can be physical, however the majority are emotional and affect the everyday life of the mother. In order for a diagnosis to be made, at least five of the following symptoms have to be present for at least two continuous weeksFeeling unable to cope, loss of confidence, feeling inadequatePanic attacks, excessive anxiety and obsessions about the baby, routines and cleaningNegative thoughts, irrational thoughts, depressed moodFeeling little/no love for the child, delayed/no bonding with the babyNot enjoying motherhood and query what is wrong with them because of itNo interest or pleasure in anything, boredom, things seeming pointlessSuicidal thoughtsConstantly needing reassuranceFear that if they asked for help their baby would be taken awayFeeling a burden to family and friendsEverything seeming negative, unable to remember positive times/thingsThings getting out of proportion, being thrown by even small thingsTiredness, le thargyLoss of appetite, weight lossLoss of interest in sex, loss of libidoRisk factorsThere is considerable discussion surrounding the cause of postnatal depression (Richards, 1990). In a report written by OHara and Zekosi (1996), their findings led to the conclusion that PND reflects the coincidental occurrence of the puerperium and depression, rather than reflecting a causal relation between childbearing and depression. However, Kumar et al, (1984) found that childbearing in itself has a damaging effect on the mental health of women. Martin et al (2001) conducted a comparison of women in a psychiatric mother and baby unit and concluded that puerperal depression has a distinct biological aetiology. This conflicts with Richards (1990) conclusion that there is no link.According to Harlow (2003), any mother can be affected by postnatal depression, with no relation to age, social class, cultural background or educational status. However, research studies have consistently shown that th e following risk factors are strong predictors of PNDPoor quality social supportAn unstable or unsupportive relationshipDepression or anxiety in pregnancyPrevious history of sexual abuseRecent stressful life eventsLabour/birth traumaIn addition to many factors on the mothers side, there may be a relation between the behaviour of the infant that has an effect on maternal depression. In a study of 188 first time mothers, neonatal irritability and poor motor function was found to predict postnatal depression (Murray et al. 1996). There are few studies on the role of infant factors in the aetiology of postnatal depression, but it is possible that the babies react to parental mood and depression and vice versa.PrevalenceAccording to Cox (1993) the incidence of women developing postnatal depression in the UK is between 10-12%. However, a study conducted in 2002, found that 27% of mothers aged between 15-44 years of age were found to be suffering from postnatal depression, of which half of them had contacted their GP within 4 months of the birth (Kaye, 2002). The rate of prevalence has varied due to different criteria (e.g, general practitioners or psychiatrists diagnosis, self-report questionnaire, clinical interview), different study designs and different time intervals (from few days up to several years) used. OHara (1987) suggested that the symptoms of postnatal depression can be relieved and diminished within one to six months, but sometimes depression can become chronic. Thus, it should be acknowledged that without effective treatment postnatal depressive symptoms may continue for as long as one to two years.The sixth report of the confidential enquiries into maternal deaths in the UK, Why Mothers Die, reported suicide as the most common cause of maternal death for women in the first year after childbirth. According to the Confidential Enquiries Report for Mothers and Child Health (Lewis, 2004) the number of suicides by women during the perinatal period has dec lined from 29 in 1997-1999 to 21 known suicides in 2000-2002. Depression can lead to more deaths from suicide each year than there are deaths from road accidents.According to Gregoire et al (1996), if postnatal depression is remaining untreated, 25% of women will continue to suffer one year after delivery and one in twenty-one women will still have postnatal depression two years later (Lumley et al, 2003). The statistics also show that women with untreated PND are at least 300 times more likely to suffer again in subsequent pregnancies (Hamilton et al, 1992).DetectionThere are a number of rating scales used to measure and detect postnatal depression. In many countries, health visitors screen for PND using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression casing (EPDS), which is a 10-item self-reporting screening instrument to aid the detection of post-natal depression (Cox et al. 1987 Murray and Carothers 1990 Warner et al. 1996 Wickberg and Hwang 1996b). This is designed to assess the mother at 6-8 weeks after the birth by the Health Visitor at home (appendix). A threshold score of 12 has been used as an indication that correctly identifies at least 80% of mothers with major depression (Cox et al. 1987 Harris et al. 1989 Murray and Carothers 1990).The NICE guidelines recommend the use of the Whooley questions (appendix) as a simple screening method to detect postnatal depression. This screening technique is used by health visitors at the initial contact and offers the opportunity to screen without a formal assessment.However, the EPDS and Whooley questions are not diagnostic tools in their self, and should always be used in conjunction with a clinical evaluation if necessary.Consequences of postnatal depressionDifferent mechanisms have been proposed to explain the effect of postnatal depression to childs psychopathology (Murray and Cooper 1997). Whiffen (1989) suggests that infant temperament and behaviour is related to postnatal depression, both as a consequence and a ca use of it. Mothers with chronic depression have infants with more behavioural problems such as sleeping and eating problems and temper tantrums (Campbell et al. 1997), and severity of depressive symptoms associates with compromised cognitive and attachment security (Lyons-Ruth et al. 1986). A second effect might be the maternal interactional and parenting style, secondary to maternal depression. Mothers with postnatal depression may be emotionally unavailable for their infants and they may withdraw from interaction situations. In addition, they may answer in an inappropriate or unpredicted or even unreceptive manner to their child.Paternal postnatal depression is rarely reported or studied, but estimated rates of paternal depression have varied from 4 to 13% (Ballard et al. 1994, Areias et al. 1996) in the early postpartum period.Treatment and PreventionIf postnatal depression is left untreated, it can persist for many months with adverse consequences for mothers, children and fami lies (Josefsson et al, 2001). There is the possibility of short and long-term consequences for the babys cognitive, social and emotional development. Depressed mothers make more negative and fewer positive responses to their babies and the infants learn a style of interaction that transfers to their subsequent interactions with other people (Field, et al 1988). Longer term adverse influenceshave been demonstrated on childrens language development, IQ and social development (Coghill et al . 1986 Sharp et al . 1995 Murray et al. 1996 1999).Typically, mothers with postnatal depression go through silent suffering. Effectivetreatments are available, but help is practically not actively sought. Small and his group (1994)found out that only one third of depressed mothers sought professional help. However,these mothers often advised other depressed mothers to find someone to talk to.However, the evidence for the effectiveness of interventions to prevent postnatal depression is conflicting. Stuart, et al, (2003) suggested that early intervention, even in the antenatal period is an effective way of tackling postnatal depression. Midwives counselling, given support and explanations about the childbirth prior to labour provided a better postnatal mental health of the mothers (Lavender and Walkinshaw 1998). The statistical power of existing studies is, however, very limited (Lawrie 2000). The provision

Service Recovery And Failure In Air Line Industry

serve Reco re each(prenominal)y And Failure In Air Line IndustryService convalescence has taken over the whole dry land by storm. People hear the word operate recovery and safe disaster over and over again. In the globalized world as people know it, the world seems to be getting sm eitherer and yet it is expanding, the world is developing. In piddleation mickle travel fast and easily, boundaries be being reduced gradually. This non altogether lead in the world generally but in addition in the business world specifically. By looking at this arising phenomenon, helper recovery of companies in the focusing of business is getting more and more important for blood lineline companies who argon trying to explore the global market. The advertizeline companies study to come up with the the right way strategy for different market in different countries. Without a good strategy in helping recovery and the way how to decide cathexiss and re shed light ond problems which call ed help trouble, the logical argumentline companies will falter in the international market. While on the other hand, if an airline company has a good help recovery and green goddess solved work failure, it will achieve success.The airlines application involves a high degree of interaction between employees and consumers and so provides many opportunities for benefit failures to occur. The quality of service of process encounters is frequently determined by the action of front-line mental faculty, whose experience and commitment may be limited and whose attitude may vary from one(a) encounter to another. The inseparability of employment and consumption means that failures occur at the point of consumption, providing little scope for correction without inconveniencing the riders. However, failures, errors, mistakes, and complaints can frequently happen in the process of service delivery. A poor service or a service failure will result in dissatisfaction and this in turn will exalt a assortment of responses which may admit complaining, negatively charged word-of-mouth and decisions not to repurchase. If it is impossible to avoid service failures and dissatisfaction, past it becomes increasely important for organizations to comprehend how to manage such occurrences and pick at their adverse personal effects. There is a growing body of evidence to suggest that effective service recovery will generate a range of irresponsible passengers responses with complaint handling being seen as a light upon subdivision in service recovery. This research paper an overview of existing research relating to service failure, service recovery in airlines diligence.The Emirates air ducts was founded in 1985, but it didnt start to show up on Americans radar until 2005, when they began service to New Yorks JFK. They be the fastest-growing airline in the world, and at once Emirates has a fleet of 138 aircraft and serves over 100 destinations in 61 countries across six continents. Their North American gateways are New York, Tokyo, Kuala Lumpur and Seoul. Their hub is Dubai (DXB), which is now the 15th busiest airport in the world by passenger traffic (40.9 million passengers in 2009).Literature reviewService recovery and service failure in air line industryThe service recovery and the service failure may directly influence each other. Generally, the service recovery in airline industry is concerned with the process of addressing service failures, which can be happened in that time when is the flight on the plane or before flight more specifically, service recovery can be thought of as being concerned with the productive handling of complaints and includes all actions taken by a service supplier in order to try to resolve the problem a passenger has with their organization. It is generally recognized that complaints are essential to institute a recovery effort. Without complaints, a firm may be unaware that problems exist and unable to appease unhappy passengers.Ennew and Schoefer (2006) stated that basic of service recovery strategy, which the model is used in airline industry as well, can be classified as Apology A first person apology rather than a bodily apology, and one which also acknowledges that a failure has occurred. Urgent reinstatement Speed of action coupled with a gallant attempt to put things right even if it is not possible to correct the situation. Empathy A sincere expression of feeling for the passengers plight. Symbolic atonement A form of compensation that might include not charging for the service or offering future services free or discounted. Follow-up An after-recovery call to ascertain that the consumer is satisfied with the recovery process.That service recovery also includes situations where the passenger has not expressed a complaint but the provider has recognized the failure and initiated a recovery procedure. Service recovery in airline industry refers to steps that are intended t o identify and correct service failure. According Kuenzel, S and Katsaris, N, (2009), the necessity for service recovery is brought about by service failure. Service failure is defined as those situations when the service fails to live up to the passengers expectations or any service-related mishaps or problems that occur during a consumers experience of the firm. Service failure situations are especially inevitable in the airline industry due to the people factor nature of services, the high level of contact between employees and passengers due to the increasingly high demand of todays passengers.As one of the service industries, the airlines industry involves a high degree of personal interaction between staff, which are working in air company and passengers miscommunication can lead to service failure. Responding effectively to consumer complaints can have a significant impact on satisfaction repurchase intentions and the pass around of word-of-mouth. However, in order to unders tand how best to deal with service failure and how best to handle complaints, it is essential to understand the way in which consumers react to service failure and how they respond to different approaches to service recovery. The service recovery in Emirates airline Company, which is defined as all those actions taken by a service provider in order to try to resolve the problem that caused the service failure, aims not only to resolve the problems in order to minimize negative outcomes and refrain passengers who are prefer this air company, but also to seek out and deal with service failures. After all, a good recovery, as well as reducing passengers negative emotions, also tries to increase the haughty ones. While service recoverys effectiveness depends on several parameters, excellent recovery tactics can leave of absence those passengers who experienced a service failure followed by successful service recovery with greater satisfaction than those who did not experience a servi ce failure incident at all.However service recoverys major importance is owed to the fact that it affects passenger satisfaction and, as a consequence, passenger loyalty. Furthermore, a number of findings have shown that satisfaction with the service recovery directly affects a passengers intention to repurchase and to recommend the service provider. These relationships constitute the vital reasons why providers pay so untold attention to service recovery because in financial terms loyal passengers can increase profits. (Kuenzel, S and Katsaris, N, 2009). The Emirates Airline Company believes that satisfaction plays a key role in the service industry and especially in the airline industry. As the airline industry has evolved, Emirates Airline has made great strides to define and understand satisfaction from the consumers perspective. The emphasis to comprehend what truly creates satisfied passengers has lead to an ever increasing body of literature surrounding satisfaction, how ser vice providers create satisfied passengers and the effects that satisfaction has on businesses today. Competitive environment analysis is the factors which influence the air companys competitiveness in the market. It enables the airline company to understand its current competitors.The Emirates Airline, as air company is defined that the roughly important part in the value of service recovery and failure are consisted of professional staff which can be opened in a time for solving problems with passengers, improving passenger satisfaction, minimizing negatives emotions and making loyalty decisions for complaints.MethodologyService recovery and service failure in Emirates Airline CompanyFor the past several years, many air line companies executives have ascribed to the widely circulated notion that a strong problem-recovery process is the key to enhancing passenger loyalty. Some claim to possess statistics that show a higher intent to return among passengers who experienced a proble m followed by excellent endurance, compared to passengers who had a problem-free flight. The Emirates Airline has out work outed their rivals British Airways, Korean Airline and Delta Airline in a service quality report. This airline company is analyses the passenger experience from flight booking all the way through to check-in, baggage drop, boarding, plane conditions, in flight services such as food and beverage, entertainment and shopping, right through to disembarkation and lowest baggage claim. The Emirates Airline known that the service recovery builds passenger loyalty that brings passenger back from the brink of defection is putting a smile on a passengers face. A poor service recovery in structure of organization will result in dissatisfaction and this in turn will prompt a variety of responses which may include complaints, negative word-of-mouth and decisions not to repurchase. The effective service recovery will generate a range of positive passenger responses with com plaint handling being seen as a key element in service recovery.Analyzing the structure inside(a) of Emirates Airline as a large air company in the world and which model of organizations they used, I found that this company is provided and followed by service recovery strategies as an important element in service process. The service recovery strategies are consisted of eight components1. Act quickly (usually use as an apology)2. Provide adequate explanations3. Treat passengers fairly4. crop relationships with passengers5. Learn from recovery experience6. Learn from lost passengers as passengers7. Fail-safe the service8. Track complaintsAccording this type of service recovery strategies, which was chosen by the Emirates Airline Company, I can say that this air company is tried to involves and to improve new methods of psychological behaviours in organizational process between employee and passenger, because it is fire in passengers positive recommendations about their air lines t o family and friends are an important, cost-effective method of promotion which are suggested to make profit. The goals of service recovery strategies are consisted how to satisfy the passenger in during that time when the flight is on the board, identifies and corrects the problems in a time without negative effects and improves professional air staff to be helpful and hearty with passengers.The Emirates Airline company, as the biggest air company in the world, is recognized the service recovery as a significant determinant of passenger satisfaction and loyalty. The most common and frequently what they used in service recovery are1. apology2. assistance3. compensationThe apology can be in both forms verbal and writing. For example, in the Emirates Airline, I found the tactical way which the air staff used in the during flights time. If some lovely of the drinks or some kind of the meals are finished in the during flight, and that time one of the passengers needs persistently, so air staff solve the problem by nicely and kindly form in offering to choose another drinks and meals which they have in menu. The writing form is used when the situation or problems are decided by formalised form from Emirates Airline counseling.The assistance is used in finding the luggage by air staff which are in the airports (local or international terminals). Emirates Airline is suggested to find luggage by modern technology as operational efficiency between operations and general system of technical supporting inside the airport where were going lost luggage.The compensation is frequent form of the service recovery, which can be financial form, its meant that the Emirates Airline is able to pay the compensation from the negative effects in during the flights time if the occurrences were happened without passengers fault. Another form of compensations are vouchers, free upgrades to gifts or loyalty miles, can also be defined against a complaint category and stored for each c omplaint. Vouchers can be auto-generated and points can be auto-credited into the members account. Tier upgrades can be provided as compensation, and tier downgrades or expiry of points can also be restricted for members.Why are the air staff so qualified and professional in the service recovery? The Emirates Airline Company invests untold more time and money in training each new employee than many of its competitors. There are 18,179 employees work in the Emirates Airline who are narrow down after 3 months of 13 indoctrination will receive 450 hours of training in their first year and 160 hours of training every year after. Training programs include methods of the communication with passengers in the board during the flights, how they can make service without negative effects just use the smile or literate speech which are based on the psychological principles. The motivation employees, train them, care about them, and make winners of them are successful steps in the service reco very. The Emirates Airline knows that if they apportion their employees correctly, they will treat the passengers right. And if the passengers are treated right, they will come back.Effective service recovery is not just an after-thought but is rather an intentionally intentional part of service delivery system that has been planned into the service design in support of the service recovery strategies. The Emirates Airline believes that the service recovery is one of the most important key factors differentiating business performance and success between competitors.Understanding the system of the service recovery in the Emirates Airline Company, how they can solve and decide situations with passengers before the flight, during the flights time, and after the flight without negative effects, I was analysing that this air company however has failures, mistakes and complaints which could be happened in the process of service delivery. The service failure occurs when the passengers do not get basic services from air company. The passengers consider centre of the service failure because they have been promised or contracted, either directly or implied and are basic to the whole service experience, for example, in the Emirates Airline, this is reservations air tickets which could be booked in official website or in the official agency. According statistical report which was established by the Emirates Airline, I could see which kind of service failures and complaints were happened in during flighting process, which are widespread and how this air company tried to minimized effects.The service failures, which were founded in the Emirates Airline Company1. Ethical problems (conflict of interests)2. Personnel failures3. Safety issues4. Baggage handling5. Ticketing matter6. Doing work too slowly in-flight7. Responses to service failure8. Employee responses to customer needs and requestsThe most serious failure in the Emirates Airline was slow the service in-flight, t he drink and the meal brought lately, the air staff were unhelpful and unfriendly because on the board were about 175 passengers who were flied on the long destinations. Other frequently mentioned problems related to agent operations which were provided booking and reservation air tickets. After check that statistic report, the Emirates Airline was developed absolutely new model of the service recovery strategies which were helped to solve and minimized the service failures in the organizational process and satisfied the passengers in-flight and on the ground. This air company was organized Service Recovery Management, that the functions are detection, analyzing and solving service failure without negative effects between organization and passengers.Finding It is very difficult to exceed passengers expectations in service recovery. The Emirates Airline typically exceed passengers expectations in problem situations in only one of 10 problem occurrences. This air company are at least four times more likely to fail to satisfy a passenger in recovery efforts than they are to exceed expectations. When the Emirates Airline resolves problems in a method that meets, but does not exceed expectations, satisfaction scores are significantly lower than when an experience is problem-free. The only time satisfaction and loyalty are improved after a problem is when service has been outstanding throughout the entire experience. Outstanding problem resolution is seen as a part of a larger service culture within the air company, not as a stand-alone reaction. Recovery efforts arguably represent a much greater cost compared to the type of service recovery and service failure. dependable training provides air staff with the skills and confidence to perform well. Giving them the opportunity to practice their customer service skills in a safe environment will help them to apply those skills in the sales environment. Good service in the Emirates Airline is tightly linked to good sa les. If service standards are poor, sales performance will inevitably be poor as well. Satisfied, loyal air staff will take proper care of their passengers, resulting in high levels of passengers satisfaction and repeated successful sales. On the service recovery in Emirates Airline Company is influenced the elements as the air company will be successful in the organizational processEnvironmentQualification staffPerformanceMotivationConclusionThis research paper has reported the main reasons of service failure within international airline company which is the Emirates Airline Company. The findings shown that service recovery excellence can only be achieved through passenger satisfaction, professional staff and loyalty as a result of senior care commitment. The paper has determined the air companys process of service recovery with respect to the main causes of service failure, in its goal to achieving passenger satisfaction. There are cardinal component consisted service recovery. The first one is service failure and the second factor is satisfaction. In this structural model, I also mentioned about two predictors which can directly influence on service recovery. Qualification employees and loyalty directly impact on service recovery, that I explained earlier the way that how they can increasing high-level, be perfect in relationships with passengers of the Emirates Airline company in details.This research paper is confirmed previous assertions that passengers satisfaction and loyalty require high levels of management commitment, as well as frequent communication and indicated that for service recovery to be effective, it must be external (to the passengers) as well as essential (to the air company) so that internal improvement can be ensured. The Emirates Airline has to conduct surveys from time to time to get the uttermost feedback from employees and first time passengers as well. The Emirates Airline has to improve passengers satisfaction without negative effects after covering failure, tries to provider training programs for air staff, because the service recovery is so important for temperament air company. They should be more focus on the solving problems between air company and passengers by professional way because one of the weaknesses that a call for company faces is the decentralized organizational structure. So controlling the big company such as the Emirates Airline would be very difficult without having the centralized and good structure in the organization. For the huge air companies such as the Emirates Airline that is geographically apart, using the virtual organization in order to control the all aspect of the company is essential. In conclusion, for each air company, especially for large air companies, the service recovery is one the most important part in organization that can make the air company more successful because I can reach all the important success key such as passengers satisfaction and encourages of pa ssengers and employees, better behavior, better communication and highest service quality through the air company. Once a air company decides how it wants its members to behave, what attitudes it wants to encourage, and what it wants its members to accomplish, it can then design its structure and encourage the development of the cultural values and norm to obtain these desired attitudes, behaviors, and goals.

:: Papers

ESSAY John Steinbeck novel, Of Mice and Men, contains three characters who could be described as social misfits. In this essay I am vent to describe Candy, Crooks, and Curleys wife and examine what Steinbeck is attempting to tell the reader about the lives and situation of each of these characters. The book, Of Mice and Men, was set in the depression of 1930s in California in a place c on the wholeed Soledad. Of Mice and Men, can be viewed as a compassionate story of John Steinbeck for the hard life, poor, gray-headed days ,unskilled workers displaced by the depression a bad economic and high unemployment with no hope and no future. They had to leave their families and homes just to make money. Candy is such a character. He is the bunkhouse cleaner and he is old and has no family and the only old man on the ranch. We are told him in the book, that he is a good natured old gossip. He is a useful source of information about all the character at the ran ch. We know because when George and Lennie arrive in to the ranch, Candy tells them about all the characters and also tells them about what is going on in the bunkhouse, for example when he says to George and Lennie about Curley, Curley like a lot of little guys. He hates big guys. So first of all they know that how aggressive and bad guy Curley is. He is fond of his dog even though it is old and smelly. Candy had that dog since it was a pup. His dog is his only friend old same like Candy. Carlson offers to shoot his dog. only when Candy resists for his old, smelly, nameless dog, No, I couldnt do that. I had im also long. Candy knows if he allows his dog to be shot he will become lonelier because that is the only companion he got and he will lose it. But Carlson is determined. Eventually he leads the dog out into the darkness of the night and to its death.

Essay --

Who loves outgo a night away from the hustle and bustle of everyday life? Most all of us enjoy the experience of spending a night or several nights in a nice hotel. Whether it is for business or pleasure, a nice hotel experience can be refreshing. The hotel private instructor is the soulfulness responsible for making sure that the hotel runs efficiently, and ensures that the guests oblige a pleasant stay. He/she coordinates all service, housekeeping, finance, and main(prenominal)tenance. I have two years experience operative in the hotel industry and plan to continue learning the hotel business with the goal of becoming manager of my own hotel.Nature of the WorkThe job of hotel manager has haemorrhoid of responsibilities, they have to manage the hotel and its staff. Hotel manager also have to plan and execute advertise and promotion campaigns designed to attract more guests. inhabit managers also have to make sure that guests on vacation or business travels have a good experi ence at a hotel, motel, or other fibre of establishment with accommodations. They also ensure that the establishment is run efficiently and profitably. Managers also deal with all inquires in a professional and courteous manner, in person on the phone or e-mail (Lodging Manager). Hospitality is a broad term for an industry that encompasses many types of employers and hundreds of job titles (Aushn,23). Hospitality is another(prenominal) word for the business of hotels, motels, and resorts. It is estimated that one in eighteen employees in the united state works at some type of job in the hospitality industry. Travelers in the United State spent 527 billion dollars in 2001, and that amount has increased each year since. (Ashen 23). Hotel managers have many duties that they perform throughout the da... ...nsure that hotel trading operations meet a groups expectation. Some other jobs in the hospitality industry are bed and breakfast proprietors. They manage small lording facilities indoors a home. Many of these homes are restored historical homes and offer a true vintage experience. A concierge at a hotel provides service to hotel guests such as hand over ticket dinner reservations or taxi service. Hotel desk clerk and office manager assist the hotel manager in large hotel and take care of those specific areas (Lodging Managers). A career as a hotel manager is very demanding. They perform many duties throughout their day and have a great deal of responsibility. Their main job is to see that the hotel or motel is run efficiently so that their guests have a pleasant stay. I have been training for a job as a hotel manager and would like to continue pursuing this job as my career.